MKCHANICAL DRAWING 

OUTLINE OF COURSE ENGINEERING Qa, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



K. L. KENNEDY 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF DRAWING AND MACHINE DESIGN 

A. E. NORTON 

INSTRUCTOR IN DRAWING AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY 



CAIVIBRIDGE, NIASS. 
1905 



•'J 



LI8RA!?Vn(C0NG«£SS 

OneCoj>)f Keeeived 
JUL iS 190.' 

..( entry 

(X XXc. No, 

COPY 'a. ■•' I 



\^> 



Special acknowledgment is due Professor G. C. Anthony, whose Text Book, 
"Mechanical Drawing," has suggested several of the exercises and problems given 
in these notes. 



Copyright, 1905 
F. L. Kennedy 



MEMORANDUM 



General 
Directions 



1. Directions in regard to the conduct of the course will be 
given at the lectures, and, when necessar}', will be published 
in the Bulletin Board. Each student will be expected to note 
these directions, or, if absent from a lecture, to obtain them 
from some fellow-student. In any case he will be held respon- 
sible for all information given at the lectures or in the Bulletin 
Board. 



Special 2. Special directions given by any of the instructors in 

Directions rggarfj ^q t^e work of the course will be held valid only when 

in Writing 

accompanied by a written statement on the sheets, or on suit- 
able blanks. Oral instructions cannot be verified, and will, 
therefore, be given no consideration. 



Attend- 
ance 



3. Credit for attending a meeting of the course is given on 
the understanding that a student has reported at the office at 
the beginning of the session, and has been in continuous attend- 
ance from that time until the final Roll Call. 



Going out 4. Men who for any reason request to be excused early will 
Early ^^ credited with partial time only in case their current work is 

up to date, and all previous work has been completed. 

Signing Off 5. A student who has been signed off at the office can have 
his attendance record in this course corrected by bringing a 
memorandum suitably endorsed by the office. This memoran- 



dum should be presented not later than one voeek after the date 
of signing on. 

6. All work, to be accepted, must be handed in at the Handing 
appointed times by the student personally, and not by proxy. "^ Work 

7. A date set for overdue work will be considered final. Overdue 
No work presented after that date will be accepted, unless Work 
previous agreement in writing has been made. 

8. Each student is strongly advised to place an identifying Instru- 

mark on all his materials, including drawing instruments. All „ ^ . ? 
' ° ° Materials 

instruments and materials are left in the lockers during the 
year at the student's o^ti risk, and must be removed from the 
lockers on or before the date set for the final examination. All 
articles not removed will be considered abandoned, and will be 
treated accordingly. 

9. Tests will be held from time to time during the year. Tests 
The results of these tests will have a veiy considerable weight 

in judging the work of the course. No make-ups will be given, 
but in special cases where a student is unable to be present at 
the time of a test, he may make arrangements to take it in 
advance. Unsatisfactory work in the tests may serve as a 
ground for failure in the course, without regard to the quality 
of the drafting work. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS S 



METHOD OF LAYING OUT DRA^VING SHEET — USE OF MATERIALS 

LECTURE DATE 



GENERAL ESTSTRUCTIONS 

METHOD OF LAYING OUT DRAWING SHEET — USE OF MATERIALS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Fold and cut sheet into 4 equal parts. 

The kind of paper used in this course is known as " Duplex." 



II. 



III. 



IV. 



V. 



VI. 



VII. 



Thumb tack one part to Drawing Board, 
in each corner.) 



(One thumb tack 



Fig. 10. With T-square laid across corners draw short, light 
lines A B and C D, thus finding approximate centre of 
sheet. (Use 6 H Pencil.) 



Fig. 11. With T-square draw EF {light) through centre. 
With Triangle draw GH. These are called "Centre 
Lines" of sheet. 



Fig. 12. Along Centre Lines lay off 9 inches horizontally 
and 6 inches vertically, each side of centre. (Use Trian- 
gular Scale as shown.) With T-square and Triangle draw 
rectangle as shown. This is called the " Cutting Line." 



Fig. 13. Again, lay off 8 in. and 5 in. on Centre Lines 
and complete second rectangle. This is called the 
" Border Line." 



Fig. 14. The result is a sheet as shown ; 18 in. by 13 in. 
(outside measurement) with 1 inch Border all round. This 
is called the " Layout of Sheet." 



NOTES 

Pencil.* 

(a) 6H pencil sharpened, on Sand Paper pad, with chisel 

point. (F'ig. 1.) 

Used always for Laying out Sheet and Blocking out Drawings. 

(b) 2 H pencil sharpened, on pad, with ?-OMnd! point. (Fig. 2.) 

Used always for Pointing Off Distances, Strengthening Outlines, and 
Lettering. 

(c) Compass pencil sharpened as in — (l^ig- 3.) 
Use 6 H for Blocking out ; 2 H for Strengthening. 

Use small Needle Point end in other leg of compasses. 

(Fig. 4.) 
Pen. 

(a) Have both nibs touching paper (Fig. 5), not (Fig. 6.) 

(b) Do not Jill pen too full. 

(c) Clean pen often with pen-wiper. 



C. T-Square. 

(a) Always use T-square at Left end of board. 
If left-handed, change to Right end. 

(b) Always draw along upper edge of T-square. 



(Fig. 7.) 



D. Triangles. 

(a) Always use triangles on top edge of T-square. 
Wherever possible draw with light coming from Direction (A) . 

(Fig. 7.) 

(b) To draw Parallel lines, slide triangle along Straight Edge 

(either T-square or another triangle). (^^9- ^•) 

(c) To draw Perpendicular to a given line, place triangle 

against a Straight Edge, as shown ia full lines ; then 
turn triangle to dotted position, slide along to required 
point and draw perpendicular CD. {Fig. 9.) 

* Whenever possible draw lines from Left to Right and from 
Bottom towards Top of sheet. 



SHEET 1 — LETTERING 9 



LECTURE DATE 



10 



SHEET 1 -LETTERING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Lay oat sheet as explained. (Page 6.) 

II. Place your munber (in black ink) in the upper right hand 
margin of sheet. 

III. Draw all guide lines for letters, very light, spaced as shown, 

and with 6 H pencil. (Sharpened as shown by Page 
6-A-a.) 

IV. (a) Copy freehand the letters and figures indicated. Con- 

sult Page 111 for construction of letters. 

(&) Use 2 H pencil. (Sharpened as shown by Page 6- 
A-b.) 

(c) Press lightly. 

(d) Make all letters Vertical as in copy. 

(e) Make letters round and full. 
(/) Do not crowd. 

V. Add Title. 

(a) Draw base line for title ^ inch below Border Line. 

(6) Begin title far enough to the left to end exactly under (A) . 

(c) To do this, determine length of title by blocking it 
out on another paper, or on margin outside of cutting 
line. 



NOTES 

A. All statements enclosed in Rectangles are to be omitted from 
the drawing sheets. 

They are for direction only. 



B. The numerical dimensions given on the blue prints may not 
always agree with the "scale" (proportion) or with the 
exact arrangement shown. In such cases follow the 
dimensions. This is the general rule in reading working 
drawings. 



The lettering used in this course is an adaptation of the 
' ' Eeinhardt " * Gothic Alphabet. Make the small 
letters J inch high ; the capitals and figures ^ inch high. 

This size will be called " Standard," and will be used for 
general lettering throughout the course. 

In fractions make numerator and denominator figures each 
about § standard size. 



D. The location and arrangement of title on Sheet 1 will be 
called the " Standard Title," and will be used on all 
sheets of this size. 

* See '■'Lettering" by Chas. W. Reinhardt. 



C uttir> g Line 



Bor-der Li»ne 






rrraKeL^ai 



^hh: 



R to Q, 



-:.^BL« RriSSS R to 2. 



^Sf eg^Zzn j Fi^Ltnes 1 -hblTQ: 



-^ * ^t: 



gporc-flQrvg, va j-jctng. l^r ,^"x/73"^^:Sr2} ii:^ 




"^ 3az:«^:Sttmet r - ^J^yffrtrFfar^^rF<!iT^^^T^ 



of Letter^ see 



page 



Sheet 



.*. z,*^*^ 



SHEET 2 — PEACTICE IN PENCIL LIXES 13 

LECTURE DATE 



14 



SHEET 2 -PRACTICE IX PEIN^CIL LEN^ES 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Upper Left. Horizontal Lines. 

(a) Space off witli scale along Vertical Centre Line of sheet. 
{h) Begin at Top and work down. (Use T-square.) 

11. Upper Right. Vertical Lines. 

(a) Space off along Horizontal Centre Line. 

(b) Begin at Left and work to Eight. (Use T-square and 

Triangle. 

III. Loiver Left. Slanting Lines. 

(a) Use T-square and 45° Triangle. 

IV. Loioer Right. Parallel Lines. 
(a) Draw Parallelogram A B C D. 
(6) Outside draw lines parallel to AB. 

(c) Inside " " " " B C. 

(Use Method given on Page 6-D-b.) 

V. Add Title and Number as in Sheet 1. 



NOTES 

Lines to be : — 

(a) Fine. 

{h) Uniform. 

(c) Accurately drawn. 

(Use 6 H pencil, sharpened as shown by Page 6- 
A-a.) 



[nZ] 




3heel2. 



SHEET 3 — PRACTICE WITH INSTRUMENTS 17 

LECTURE DATE 



18 



SHEET 3 -PRACTICE AVITH INSTRUMEKTS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Ex. 1. Given 2 Circles, 3 inch diam. and 4 inch diam., 
respectively. 

Circumscribe Hexagons. 

The larger with two sides horizontal, the smaller with two sides vertical. 

Use T-square and 60° Triangle only. 

II. Ex. 2. Given Cii'cle 3J in. diam. 

(a) Draw lines 15° apart as shown. Use T-square, 45° 

and 60° Triangles only. 

(b) On left half of Circle draw Tangent at end of every other 

line by method of 2 Triangles. See Page 6-D-c. 

(c) On right half of Circle draw Tangents at end of any 3 

lines by geometry. 

See note at bottom of Sheet 3. 

III. Ex. 3. Given Circle 3J in. diam. Lay off angles as shown. 

(Use Protractor.) 

Do not add arrows or figures. 

IV. Ex. 4. Given Line at angle of 37^° with Horizontal. (Use 

Protractor. ) 

On this line as base draw a regular Hexagon, each side 
= 1^ inch. (Use any accurate method that suggests itself. ) 

V. Ex. 5. Given Circle 3^ in. diam. Inscribe a regular Pen- 
tagon. (For other polygons, see Page 113.) 

VI. Ex. 6. Given Circle 4 in. diam. Inscribe small circles as 
shown. 

Use Bow Pencil on smaller circles. 



NOTES 

A. Lines and Circles to be : — 
(a) Fine. 
(6) Uniform. 
(c) Accurately drawn. 

Use 6 ^Pencil and 6jff lead in Compasses. 
(Sharpened as shown by Page 6-A-c.) 




p'e r-pe»nc( I ci-i lo r- to 
2 thro' o, cert ^ 



= cx<^y point. 



Dfow cd fhr-o' s. pd = 
fAngie cpd /inscribed i 



l'T^'M'T=J7tr»MK»t.9MI 



in semi-cincle «• 90° ) 



^heet a 



SHEET 4— PKACTICE WITH IXSTRtTMENTS— rSKIXG 21 

LECTURE DATE 



22 



SHEET 4-PKACTICE WITH INSTRUMENTS -IKKING 



PENCILLING 

I. Lines to be : (a) FINE. 

(b) UNIFORM. 

(c) ACCURATE. 
Lay out sheet as shown. 

IL Ex. 1. Space lines ^ in. apart. 

III. Ex. 2. Space points J in. horizontal!}' and verticallj'. 

(Lines at 45°.) 

IV. Ex. 3. Space lines J in. apart. 

First draw diagonal; then draw lines in order, A, B, C, D, etc. 

V. Ex. 4. Space points ^ in. apart. 

VI. Ex. 5. Spiral. 

(a) Make ac = J in. ; ab = ^ in. 

(b) "With a as centre, draw all semicircles above horizontal 

line. With b as centre, all semicircles beloiu. 

Use a and b alternately to develop Spiral. Continue as far 
as possible without conflict. 

VII. Ex. 6. Tangent Arcs. 

(a) Outside circle of rim 4 in. diam. ; inside, 3J in. Spokes 
f in. wide, centre lines 120° apart. Eadius of tangent 



arcs 



Tir 



(b) Locate centres for arcs thus : 

Draw circle A fV i"-- inside of rim. 
Draw line B -fV in. from spoke. 
Intersection gives centre of arc. 

VIII. Ex. 7. Space points ^ in. apart on horizontal line. Com- 
plete figure as shown. 

Use Bow Pencil for small circles. 

Draw all curves of one radius at one time. 



INKING 

A. (a) Sheet is to lie completed first in pencil. 

(b) Do not begin to ink tintil sheet has been submitted for 
approval., and has received endorsement of one of the 
instructors. 



B. (o) Do not fill pen too full. (See Page 6-B.) 
{b) Clean pen often. 



(a) All lines to be Black and of Medium Width, except 

Border, which is to be Heavy and added last. 
(See note on blue print.) 

(b) In inking, proceed in same manner as with pencil. 

Begin at Left and work towards Right, and from Top work 
towards Bottom. 

(c) In Ex. 4 draw lines to point P, not away from it. 

{d) In Ex. 5, 6, and 7, omit construction and Centre Lines. 
(e) In Lettering use drawing ink and writing pen. 
(/) Do not ink Cutting Line, 



[nE] 




Hows penoil work 
In' ioKing stop lines o+ +ioiingen"f 

p©ir)+© as ohot^rn fc>elow 



NIoTTEi: In lr»Kir»g make. 

Mediurrj Lines about +)lo»s 
Heovy Lines aboul- i->-ios : 



Sheet 4 



SHEET 5 25 



PRACTICE rN STRAIGHT LESTES AWD ARCS, DIMENSIONING AND CROSSHATCIIING, 

TRACING 

LECTURE DATE 



26 



SHEET 5 -PRACTICE IN STRAIGHT LINES AISD ARC, ETC. -TRACING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Order of Pencilling* (See Page 2S-I.) 

Stage 1. Block out all drawings on sheet. (6H pencil.) 
First Centre Lines, if any, then Outlines. 

Stage 3. Develop drawings and Strengthen Outlines. 

(2H pencil.) 
Connect straight lines by arcs. (See Page 28-3.) 

Stage 3. Draw Dimension Lines {very light) and 
Arrow Heads. (3 H pencil.) 

Stage 4. Finish. 

(a) Dimension Figures. (Page 28-4 and 5.) 

(6) Lettering. 

(c) Crosshatcldng .% 

(d) Checking. (Use red pencil.) 

II. The pencil sheet should be shown to one of the instructors 
before tracing is begun. 

III. Order of Inking. 

Use rough side of tracing cloth. 

Rub with pmvdered chalk before inking. 

Stage 1. All the maiii outlines of all the drawings. 
(a) First all Curves. t 
(6) Then all Straight Lines. (Black Medium.) 

Stage 3. Dimension Lines (including ^^ Extension" 
Lines) and Centre Lines (if any). (Red-Light.) 

Stage 3. Arrow Heads, Figures, and Lettering. 

(Use Writing Pen.) (Black.) 

Draw light guide lines on tracing cloth in pencil before lettering. 

Stage 4. (a) Crosshatching. (Black-Light.) 

(&) Border. (Black-Heavy.) 

(c) Checking. 

* Page 29 is to be used at first only to give dimensions and later to 
show what is to appear on the tracing. Carry out pencil construction as 
shown by Page 28. 

t This procedure gives best results in joining Curves and Straight 
Lines smoothly. 

The short curves shown on this sheet are often called "Fillets." 

X When a drawing is to be traced the Crosshatching is often omitted 
in pencil, or is indicated very briefly by Free Hand lines. 



NOTES 

A. In both Pencilling and Inking it is best to cari-y out each 

Stage for the whole sheet before beginning the next Stage. 

B. Accurate Construction is required. 

Method of connecting "tangent" arcs, as shown by 
Page 28-3 should be studied. (See also Page 113.) 

C. Dimensions are Important. 

(a) For dimensions in Quarters, Eighths, Sixteenths, etc., 
use "Architect's" Scale. 
For dimensions in Decmials use " Engineer's" Scale. 
(&) Avoid taking dimensions with Compasses directly from 
Scale. 

This scratches scale and ruins compass points. Lay off distance 
on paper at required point and set compasses to tliis distance. 

(c) Dimension figures are preferably made standard size. 

Best, at first, to draw guide lines for them as for 
lettering. 

(d) Small Circles are placed around centres of arcs to assist 

in finding them when tracing. On the tracing, short 
cross Imes (-)-) are sometimes used to denote centres, 

D. Crosshatching.! 

(a) Crosshatching is used to indicate a " Cross Section" 

of an object drawn. 
(6) It is usually drawn with the 45° Triangle. 

Other angles may, however, be used. 

(c) Space Hues about J^ in. apart by EYE ALONE. 

(d) Do not cross Figures or Arrows with hatching lines. 
{To avoid this the Crosshatching is usucdly added last.) 

E. Checking. 

(a) Apply /oMr tests to every dimension. 

1. Are the dimension figures correct? 

print.) 

2. Does "scale" agree with dimension figure ? (Measure 

distance as drawn.) 

3. Are " unit marks " shown? (See 4-a on Page 28.) 

4. Are arrow heads and "extension lines" shown? 

(See 5 on Page 28.) 
{b) All statements and specifications should also be verified. 
(c) Place small check mark neatly above each item found 
correct. (See Page 29.) 
If error is found, correct it before checking. 



(Consult blue 



stage 



Stage 3 



ORDER or PeNCILLINS 
A Stages 




ORDER OF INKING 



A 3ioi^&s> 



. M«^ 


^ 




^ 


— 









Blocking Out 



Stage I 




See 3 on tp^ page rory 
Georn&frical Cor»stractiorn 

"Oevelopiog" ' Dimenaio n Lin-es 



Stage 2 , StagftS 

1- -T X 





laiCurves" (b) "straight Lines" Di men. Lines 




Finish. 



Staged- 





DIMENSIONS 



(2) Draw cd pcxr-aHel to ab- 
(rr^aKing be ecjuol to given radius^ 

(3) d equals cerrJ-re "foi-oirc. 




CKoioool 







BcA.r- 



Note: In Tr-acing Ca ) Omit all construction lines oa sHown obove. 

(b) Llgl^t Linos about thus — 

(c) Medium Linos about t)->us 



5^ eet 5 



SHEET 6 — COXIC SECTIONS 



31 




Use of French Curve or Scroll 

Given a series of points to be joined by a smooth cun'e. 

Find portion of Scroll to fit at least 3 points (as b, C, d). 
Tlieu draw from b to k (about half way between c and d). 
Change Scroll to fit cde, and draw curve from k to half 
way between d and e. Continue thus. 

Sometimes the Scroll will fit more than three points, but in any case 
stop half way between last t\ro, as suggested above. 



LECTURE 



DATE. 



32 



SHEET 6 -CONIC SECTI0:NS 



DIRECTIONS 

(a) Follow the Order of Pencilling given on Page 26, begin- 
ning with the necessary construction lines. 

(6) Strengthen only the Outlines of Curves. (Use "French 
Curve " or ' ' Scroll " — Page 31 ) . 

At ends, where French Curve does not fit the points well, 
short arcs may be used. 

(c) 7?iA; in (on Duplex Sheet) only the curve outlines 

(Black-Medidm) and Border (Black-Heavy). 

(d) Small Circles about Reference Points can be inked in 

Bed. (Use Bote Pen.) 



IT. PROBLEM 1. Wlipse (Exact Method) . 

(a) Lay off line, as a^V, equal to Major Axis. Use this 

for measuring Radii (as a^e^ and Ve*) in developing 
curve. 

(b) Find at least 5 Points for each quadrant. 

(c) Add explanatory equation for one point of curve, as 

indicated. 



III. PROBLEM 2. 'EUipse {Ajyjyroximate Method). 

When the Major and Minor Axes do not differ much in length, a simple 
approximate method, by means of circular arcs, can be used to replace 
the more complicated exact method. 

Construction as shown. 



IV. PROBLEM 3. Parabola. 

Divide ab and ac each into at least 8 parts. 



V. PROBLEM 4. Hyperbola. 

(a) Draw the large rectangle by dimensions given. 

(6) Begin the curve at a. 

Find enough points to give a smooth curve. 

(c) The divisions on ab need not be of uniform length. 



NOTES 

A. Ellipse — Parabola — Hyperbola. 

These curves belong to the family of Conic Sections, so 
called because they are derived by the intersection of planes 
with the surface of a Cone. 

Their exact derivation will be taken up in Sheet 13. This sheet 
deals merely with certain geometrical methods of drawing them. 

B. PROBLEM 1. 

The Ellipse can be defined as the path traced by a point, the 
su7n of whose distances from tivo fixed points always remains 
constant. 
(a) The two fixed points are called "Foci" (singular, 

"Focus"). 
{b) The long diameter or Length of Ellipse is called the 
"Major Axis." 
The short diameter or Width is called " Minor Axis." 
(c) Study above definition and Problem 1. 

It will be seen that the sum of the distances from the Foci to 
the moving point will always equal the Major Axis. Then, with 
Major and Minor Axes given, the Foci can be found by drawing 
arc with Radius B. = 4 Major Axis, and one end of Minor Axis 
as centre (see diagram). 

The method of developing the Ellipse is indicated, and, as it follows 
the definition given above, it is called the " £xact Method." 

C. PROBLEM 3. Parabola. 

(a) The exact definition of this cun-e is left for Analytical 

Geometry. 

(b) When the width and height of the curve are given it 

can be drawn as indicated. 

D. PROBLEM 4. Hyperbola. 

(a) As in the case of the Parabola, the exact definition is 

here omitted. 

(b) Only part of the curve is drawn by this method. 

The cuiTe, if continued, would extend upward from a. 

(c) This construction is much used in the representation of 

the Theoretical Indicator Card of a Steam Engine. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) How would the Ellipse change if the /oci were drawn nearer 

the centre ? 

(2) How would the Ellipse change if the foci were drawn farther 

from it ? 

(3) What would the Ellipse become in each of the above limit- 

ing cases? 






Sheet 6 



IPHI 



iBoimmm^^^ 



SHEET 7 — CYCLOIDS 



35 




To Rectify a given Arc 

Given arc ab (Fig. 2). Use 
Bow Spring DiNndeis. Step 
off shoi-t clistancc'fi along are 
ab and same number along 
Straight Line. 

This makes aTj' equal, ap- 
proximately, arc ab. 

Unit distance should be so short that 
tlie arc and chord are practically 
equal. 




To Transfer a Gear 
Tooth Curve 

Place Scroll to coincide with 
given cun'e (mn) (Fig. 5). 
Mark ])oint n on Scroll and 
draw Circle P tangent to 
Scroll at any convenient 
point (as t) . Change Scroll 
to new ix)9ition and draw 
m'n' as shown. 

Alternative Method 

Omit Circle P and use mark 
(as s) to locate curve. 



LECTURE 



DATE.. 



36 



SHEET 7 — CTCLOIDS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Begin construction bj' laying out Centre Lines of circles. 
Draw all construction circles very light. 

II. PROBLEM 1. 

(a) Make Rolling Circle (R. C.) = 3" diam. 
(6) Use 8, 10 or 12 points on R. C. 

(c) In stepping off distances on circles use small Dividers. 

(See Page55-Fig. 2.) 

III. PROBLEM 2. 

(a) Make R. C. for Epicycloid ^ If" diam. 
{h) " " " Hypocycloid = 21" A\vim. 
(c) Use 10 or 13 points on R. C. for both curves. 
((f) Transfer curves to make gear teeth. 

(See Page 55-Fig. 5.) 

IV. PROBLEM 3. 

(a) Take points about 15° apart on the circumference. 
{h) To draw tangents, see Page 6-D-c. 

V. Strengthen outlines of Curves and Gear Teeth only. 



VI. Ink in: — 

(o) Curves and Gear Teeth, 

(i) Small Reference Circles. 

(c) Border line. 



(Black -Medium.) 

(Red.) 

(Black-Heavy.) 



Questions for Consideration 

(1) When the curve of Problem 1 comes back to the straight 

line, how far will it be from the initial point O ? (Answer 
by showing proper dimension line and figui-es.) 

(2) If the diameter of the Rolling Circle for the hypocydoid were 

increased, how would the resulting curve change? 

(3) If the diameter becomes = radius of Pitch Circle, what kind 

of a curve would result? 



NOTES 

A. Cycloid, Involute, Epicycloid, Hypocydoid.* 

These curves belong to the family of Cycloids. They 
may all be defined as the ^yath traced by a Point on the 
Circumference of a Circle luhich rolls on a given Line 
(either Straight or Curved). 

B. PROBLEM 1. Cycloid. 

Rolling Circle (R. C.) rolls on a Straight Line, 
(a) Take points on initial position of R. C. 
(h) Find successive i^ositions of R. C. by making distance 
0-1 on AB = arc 0-1 on R. C, etc. 

(See Page 55-FiG. 2.) 
(c) Locate the successive positions of O by stepping off the 
proper arcs in the direction of the arrows. 

The length of these arcs will, in each case, be the distance over 
which the circle has rolled. To verify this, try a coin rolling along 
the edge of the T-square. 

C. PROBLEM 2. Epicycloid and Hypocydoid. 
Former = R. C. outside of another Circle. 
Latter = " inside " " 

(a) Construction similar to Pkob. 1. 

(b) Gear Teeth are formed by Epicycloids and Hypocycloids 
drawn, respectively, outside and inside a circle known as "Pitch. 
Circle." The "Pitch" of the teeth is the distance between 
the centres of successive teeth, measured along the Pitch Circle 
(arc ab in diagram). 

D. PROBLEM 3. Involute. 

Straight Line (Circle of Infinite Radius) rolls on a. given circle. 
(Hence a special case of the Epicycloid). 

More simply — -a string, held taut, is unwound from a cylinder 
or drum (represented by given circle). End of string describes 
involute. 

The String is taken in successive positions by drawing tangents 
at end of successive radii, and the proper distances are stepped off 
as shown. 

* Cycloid — Kii/cXos = " Circle." 

Epicycloid — iiri = " upon" + kvkKos. 

Hypocydoid — vir6 — "under" + /n//cXos. 

Involute — (Latin) in = " upon" + volvo = "to roll." 



Gear Teeth- 



O O 



0,i (on /\B) 
aZ(onAB) 
E+c. 



ore O.l otn circle 



EDicvcloid 



^ y^ r-c c d > ^ a re a b 

socycloid 






-4 


H V pocvcioia 


i^^do 


--^^ 




Pr-ob. 3 



2,0 or) i-anger>t= 2,0 on B.C. 
3, -. -. a 3, 



Proe. 2 Q/on R.C. »0,l ort PC etc. 




Not-e 



= Pitch 



- Roll inq Circle. 



-4-"cl means -4/nc»nes 



CQNTlNiUEl ALL CURVES AS FAR AS 

possible: without conf-lict. 



Sheet 7 



ORTHOGEAPHIC PROJECTIONS - EN'TKODUCTIOX 39 

LECTURE DATE _ _ 



-•^ 



40 



OETHOGTIAPHIC PEOJECTIO^^S - INTBODUCTION 



I. Orthographic Projection, described simply, is a method 
of delineating an object accurately and adequately by 
means of one or more views, so grouped as to be easily 
read together, and thus give a clear idea of the form and 
dimensions of the object. 

The technical development of Projections, Projection Planes, 
etc., is left for later eousideration (see Page 123). 



II. EXAMPLE: House. (See Page 41.) 

(o) Let F. V. = Front Vieiv. R. V. = Bight Side View. 
T.V. = Top View. L. V. = Left Side View. 

(&) If we stand far enough away so that the rays from all 
points of the house to the eye are practically parallel, 
we can reiDrodiice ou paper, to a convenient scale, the 
corresponding ai^pearauce of the house. 

Place this so-called View at the bottom and centre of a 
sheet of paper and label it F. V. {Front Vieiv). 

Now walk around and look at the house from the Right 
Side. Place this Vietv to the Right of F. V. and 
label it R. V. (Right Side View). 

Similarly place L. V. (looking at house from Left Side) 
as shown. 

Now look at the house from above and place view 
obtained above F. V., labelling it T. V. (Top View). 

(c) Select as an axis of reference the Centre Line of the 

house (C.L.). 
Note the abbreviations R and Li for Right and Left of 

Centre Line. 
Note also that any given point on the house has the same 

number in all vieivs. 



III. Then Note Carefully: — 

(a) Point 1 lies on same horizontal line in F. V., R. V., 

and L.V. 
(&) Point 1 of T.V. lies vertwally ahore Point 1 of F. V. 



(c) (Looking at T.V. in the direction of arrow M and 
compai'ing with R. V. ) — Point 1 lies on the same 
side (Left) of Centre Line and at same distance* (A) 
from it in both views. 
Similarly (looking in direction N and comparing T.V. with 

L. V.) — Point 1 lies at distance* (A) on the Right side of 

Centre Line in both views. 

lY, The above relations constitute the 3 WORKING PRIN- 
CIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. They 
can be summed up thus : — 

( 1 ) The front and side views of a point on the object lie 

in the same horizontal line. 

(2) The front and top views of the point lie in the same 

vertical line. 

(3) The top and side views of the point lie on corresponding 

sides of the Centre Line (Right or Left) and at the 
same distance* from it. 

V. (a) By means of the above analysis, with two Vietus of an 
object given, we can usually locate the position of 
corresponding points in a third or fourth Vieiv., and 
thus complete these views. 

Prob. 1 of Sheet 8 reqxiires this to be done. Method shown by 
Fig. 4 on Page 41. 

(h) Any view of an object maybe taken as a F. V., but 
having selected and located this, we must gTOup the 
other Views about it in accordance with the above 
principles (T.V. always at Top — R. V. always at 
Right, etc.). 

If necessary we could develop a Bottom View which would then 
be placed helow the P. V. (See Pig. 2 on Page 41.) 

(c) In general, three Vieics are enough to clearly describe an 

object (as will be seen in example above), but where 
necessary, four or even jive Views may be taken. 

(d) Hidden Lines are represented dotted, as shown. 

(e) Note that above principles apply to views of the Lamp 

(Fig. 3 on Page 41) and to views of points on it. 

* Distance is always measured perpendicular to Centre Line. 



-(5) 




I 




9 d) 







F-V. t-®-i 



I^SHI 



' — 












R.y. 






F'iq 2 - TabJe. showing bottom view. 



T. V. and R V bainf blockod out, -to draw R. V. 
/c\ (5I (1) Draw lighHy lines J andJT 

\ ^1® (SO In a.V. 3et o^. i^rorrj ^ , d/j^ncw 

\^ \jr jl A m.m.Tandia ottamGd fn>mTy. 

V 1/ & ^oin points with hne» W, IKH 




\& 



Q- -Hg) 





P"/^ ^- TVvo V'/ew^ given, to draw third. 



THI5 SHEET IS rOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY 



SHEET 8 - ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 43 



LECTURE DATE. 



44 



SHEET 8 - ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Study carefully Pages 40 and 41. Apply principles there 
explained to the development of the following problems : — 

II. PEOBLEM 1. 

(a) Lay out Centre Lines. % 

(6) Block out T.V. (Draw hexagon by Ex. 1 on Sheet 5). 

(c) " " F.V. 

(f?) " " K.V. as explained by Fig. 4 on Page 41. 

III. PROBLEM 2. 

(a) Laj' out Centre Lines. 

(6) Block out all three views together. 

(Draw pentagon by method of Page 113 — making 
circumscribing circle If'diam.) 

IV. PROBLEM 3. 

(a) Proceed as in Prob. 2. 

Y. PROBLEM 4. 

(a) Same procedure. 

{h) The subject is the same as Prob. 3, turned through an 
angle of 30°. 
Note : We still use Horizontal and Vertical centre lines. J 

VI. Strengthen Outlines. (See note A-a on this page.) 

VII. Omit all dimension lines and figures on this sheet. 

VIII. Explain Construction. 

In each problem locate three views of one Reference Point 
and indicate the correspondence of these views as suggested 
by note C on this page, 

IX. Irikinonly: — 

(a) All centre lines (Bed-light). 

(b) Circles about Reference Points (Red). 

(c) Circles about "E," and "L" {Red). 

(d) Border line (Black-heavy) . 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) On the object of Problem 1 how many edges are there? 

Can you account for them all in every view? 

(2) T. V. of an object is represented by a circle inside of a 

square. What different front vietvs are consistent with 
this T.V.? 

(3) F.V. of an object consists of three concentric circles. 

"What side views can be drawn? 

(4) With the inmost circle dotted, what side vieivs can be drawn? 

(5) Can any ^■iew of a curve be a straight line? 



NOTES 
Follow the Order of Pencilling given on Page 26. 

(a) It is usually wisest to block out the entire sheet before 
beginning to strengthen any outlines.* 

(h) As far as possible, develop all views of an object 
together t instead of completing one view before 
beginning another. 

(c) In "Strengthening" hidden lines are dotted. 

(When Blocking out draw hidden lines light and full: alight "d'' 
placed on them will indicate that they are to be dotted later.) 



B. PROBLEM 3. 

(a) The drawing represents a Block with a Round Hole 

in it, and a Triangular Prism on top. 

(b) The bottom lines of the hole can be drawn with the 30° 

Triangle. 



C. Explanation of Construction should be added to all 
pencil sheets from now on. 

A simple and satisfactory method suggested is to select a certain 
number of typical "Reference Points" and to identify them in all 
views by numbering and by small circles in red ink (as shown on 
Page 41). Points different from those given on the blue print should 
always be selected. 

The correspondence of the chosen points according to the first two 
Principles of Projection (Page 40-V) can be indicated by red ink lines 
from Front to Top and Side views of each point. 

The correspondence of distances in Top and Side views (third Prin- 
ciple) can be indicated by "Reference Distances" (using a letter 
instead of figures) as shown by distance A in Fig. 1, Page 41. 

Reference Distances can be used to explain other relations also, in later 
sheets. 

* This method assists, particularly later on, in gauging the best arrangement 
of the drawings on a sheet, and prevents unnecessary erasure in correcting the 
arrangement. 

t This will be found to economize time and to assist in understanding the 
relation of the various views. Where a horizontal line is to appear in P. V. and 
R. V. or L. V. draw it, at one stroke, through both views. 

Similarly for vertical lines in F. V. and T. V. 

t Centre Lines are not restricted to T.V. and R.V. but arc drawn at the 
outset in any view that is in general symmetrical. Subordinate parts (if sym- 
metrical) also have Centre Lines, e.g. "hole" in Problem 3. 



Stzst^ 




Note : (a) Be carefo/ ^o note wl 



reference 



points cxre correctly )oca+ed or>ci nwmborec/ in ak>ove print. 



If ony 



rnaKe it in red i n K on the bJv/e print: 



(b)/VloiKe dotted lines about Thos . 



.Sheet© 



SHEET 9 



ORTHOGIIAPHIC PRO JECTIOKS — TRUE SIZES AND TRUE LENGTHS {continued) 

LECTURE DATE _ 



48 



SHEET 9 



ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS — TRUE SIZES AND TRUE LENGTHS (continued) 



DIRECTIONS 

Proceed as in Sheet 8. 

(a) Lay out Centre Lines. 

It is best to lay out also Centre Lines of symmetrical parts like the 
chimney (see distance A) so that points on it (1 and 4 for instance) can 
be measured equal distances right and left of its own Centre Line. 



(h) Block out all 4 Views together. 



(Stage 1.) 



(c) Develop drawing and Strengthen Outlines of all 4 Views. 

(Stage 2.) 

(cZ) Draw Dimension Lines and Arrows. (Stage 3.) 

(e) Put in Figures and Lettering. (Stage 4.) 



II. Explain Construction. 

As suggested by note C on Page 44, identify all views of 
two Reference Points and indicate by Reference Distance 
(as D for point 3) how they were located in a TRnE Size. 

Do not use the points given on the Hue print. 



III. Ink in, as hitherto : — 

(a) Centre lines. (Bed-light.) 

(b) Circles about Reference Points and Letters.* (Med.) 

(c) Border line. (Black-heavy.) 

* "A," "B," " Ii," "R," etc., are ^'■Reference Letters." 



NOTES 

A. (a) Use edge of Scale marked "^." TMs gives graduations 

corresponding to ^ inch = 1 foot, which is the Scale 
called for in the drawing. 

(h) 18-3" means 18 feet, 3 inches, etc. 

B. In the blue print all lines have been drawn full. Remember 

that Hidden Lines are dotted. 

In Strengthening, therefore, correct the lines of the blue print 
wherever necessary. 

C. Walls are considered as having no thickness, and Door and 

Window as open. 

D. To show the "True Size" of a roof plane or part of it 

(as hole for chimney), a new view must be taken — per- 
pendicidar to the plane of the roof. 

Each distance used in drawing it must be taken from some 
view where that distance is seen in its " true length." 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) In getting true size can all the distances come from one 

view ? Why ? 

(2) What kind of a view must be taken to see a line in its true 

length ? 

(3) How could the true length of the hip rafter (3-3) be found 

without drawing the true size of the whole roof ? 

(4) Under what conditions can a view of a line be (a) shorter 

than, (6) equal to, (c) longer than, the line itself. 

(5) What is the shortest view a line can have? 

(6) As suggested by questions 4 and 5, what are the limiting 

cages of the views of a plane surface, say a rectangle? 




Door- at right ertd only 
Window on front onl^. 




i 
/^^ /?^ 


BHHH 


















^B 




\ 


^"^~\.^ 


/ 1 / 






^" :? / 




\ 




U) / 




\ 




isa^^ 


/ // 




Left Side View "* 

H *=>!-«= '*- 1 — I 


lE-o" 






1 1 TS r K^ 


HH 










o 








Y T ^ 










-©-©• 



Hi 


Hi 



Scole:^in-lft. 



Sheet 9 



SHEET 10 — ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS {continued) 51 

LECTURE DATE 



SHEET 10-OBTHOGKAPHIC PROJECTIONS {continued) 



DIRECTIONS 

T. Follow directions for Sheet 9. 

II. Substitute for "?" the proper dimension figures taken from 
Sheet 9. 
Note that the location of some dimensions has been changed, 
as a line should only be dimensioned where it 
appears in its True Lengtli. 

III. Explain Construction. 

Identify all views of three Reference Points, one of which is 
on the intersection of roof and chimney. 

Indicate, by Reference Distances, how this point was obtained. 
IV. Inking. Same as hitherto. 



NOTES 

A. This sheet shows the subject of Sheet 9 turned through an 
angle of 30°. 



B. Remember, as before, that Hidden Lines are to be shown 
dotted. 



Questions for Consideration 

(1) With views as here given, how would j'ou find the true 

length of the hip rafter (2-3)? 

(2) How would you find the true size of end and side of roof 

and of hole in roof? 



.. CHjmne' 



. Wnadovv 
. Door- 



Construi 
intersect"«on of 



Ac^ 



^ i^ 




I 



aasi 







'® / 


/ 




4^ ^ 


■ V 

> 

\ ® X^ 







"> 






i 
Y 















Scale 



) f^oot- 



.Note : Be ourcfol +0 r.ote 
points a»--e 



r MOT con esponji Tci refer-en^e 



loc.ci+e>fi amd n\ 



toJue pr^nt. 



<£. nece. 



' ~ 1 in ot bov e pr-in-t 

\Ke if in red 1 >^ k on r»^e 



Sheet 10 



SHEET 11 55 



INTERSECTIOX OF PRISM AXD PYRAMID BY PLANE - DEVELOPMENT 

LFX'TURE DATE 



56 



SHEET 11 



EN^TERSECTIOIN^ OF PKISM AND PYRAMID BY PL A:N^E — DEVELOPMENT 



DIRECTIONS 

I. PROBLEM 1. Truncated Prism. 

(a) Work out Front, Top, and Side Views of subject. 

(6) Obtain True Size of top, as shown. 

(c) Dra-n- a Development of the resulting surface. (See 
note B of this page.) 

II. PROBLEM 2. Truncated Pyramid. 

(a) Show first the Pyramid as it appears before it is cut off. 
(6) Then draw Cutting Plane and proceed as in Problem 1. 

III. For both problems. 

(a) Order of Pencilling same as before. 

(6) Number neatly every point of the object in cdl views and 
in Development, for purposes of identification during 
construction. 

In cases where confusion is likely to occur, use arrows. 



IV. Explain Construction. 

In botii problems identify at least two Reference Points in all 
views, true size, and Development. Indicate by Reference 
Distances, as suggested on the blue print, how these points 
were obtained. 

In Problem 2, also indicate how true lengths of (1-4) and 
(3-4) were obtained and used in Development. 



Inking same as hitherto. 



VI. Reproduce both Developments on piece of Duplex Paper. Cut 
out and fold to produce original objects. 



NOTES 

A. From now on, with the exception of Sheet 17 (Isometric 
Drawing), all the problems and sheets of the course are 
based on the principles of Orthographic Projection. This 
term will, therefore, be omitted from the heading of the 
following sheets, and the title only of the special problem 
on each sheet will be given. 



B. Given an object, like an ii'regular Box, to find the size and 

shape of a sheet ofmatericd which, when folded, will pro- 
duce the object. 

The solution of this problem is indicated on this sheet. The 
technical term by which this process is known is : — 

Development of a Surface. 

C. PROBLEM- 2. 

(a) The Front View does not show the slanting edges of the 
Pyramid in their true length as needed for the Devel- 
opment. 

(6) To be seen in its '■'■true length" a hue must be perpen- 
dicular to the direction of sight. Hence "revolve" 
the line into such a position. 
Method as follows : (^See diagram at bottom of blueprint.) 
Let ab := F. V. of given Line. 

" a^b^ 1= T. V. " " 

Suppose it is desired that F.V. shall show true length. 
Revolve bottom (b^) of line to (c^). (Thus the 

whole line is revolved.) 
ac will then be True Length of the line. 

(c) More simply by using distances A and B in connection 
with altitude as shown for the edge (1-2). 

The 60° Triangle will serve as a model of the above. As it 
stands vertically on the table, the " long," " short," and hypothenuse 
sides represent respectively the altitude, distance A, and true length. 




NOTEL 



Sheet II 



SHEET 12-I:NTE1?SECTI0N OF COXE AND PLANE -DEVELOPISIENT oJ) 

LECTUKE DATE 



60 



SHEET 12— INTEKSECTION OF COI^E Al^B PLAIN^E — DEVELOPMENT 



DIRECTIONS 

1. Draw 3 views of Cone and locate Elements by Auxiliary 
Planes. 

At least 12 Elements will probably be found necessary. They can be 
lettered, as indicated, for convenience of identification during construc- 
tion. 



II. Across F. V. draw a line representing the Gutting Plane. 



m. Construct T. V. and R. V. of eirrve of intersection. Points 
whei'e Cutting Plane passes thi-ougb each element are found 
and joined with French Curve. 



IV. Construct Development. 

(a) Lay out arc with radius = true length of elements. 
(Since all points of the base are at the same distance 
from the apex.) 

(6) On this step off distances 3-4, etc., from T. V. 

(Total length of arc is, of coui-se = circumference of 
base.) 

(c) Lay up on each element the true lengths E, F, etc., and 
draw curve. 



V. Explain Construction, as indicated, for two Reference 
Points. 



NOTES 

A. If a cone is cut off by a plane the " Cutting Plane" will 

intersect the sui'face of the cone in a curve, successive 
points of which can be found thus : 

(a) In order to carry out a construction on any curved sur- 

face like this, we must first locate certain lines Ij'iug 
in the surface in such a way that they can readily be 
identified in all views, and then xqwn these lines work 
out the required construction. 
To obtain such lines in the surface of this cone, we can use ver- 
tical "Auxiliary Planes" through its axis. These will cut in the 
surface of the cone straight lines which run from the vertex to points in 
the base circle and can thus be identified in all views. These lines are 
called "Elements." 

(b) The problem now becomes simply to find at what point* 

each Element is cut off by the Catting Plane, and then 
to identify this point in the other views. By joining- 
consecutive points found in this way we draw the 
required curve of intersection. 

B. The Cone may be considered as a Pyramid of an infinite 

number of sides, 
(a) The base polygon of the pyramid becomes a circle. 
(6) The surface between the edges become the smooth Coni- 
cal Surface. 

(c) The edges of the Pyramid become the Elements of the 

Cone. 

C. Hence the method of construction, after the Elements are 

located, follows closely that given for the pyramid of 
Sheet 11. 

D. As long as the Gutting Plane passes entirely across Cone, any 

angle <^ will give an Ellipse. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) How small can angle <j) be to still give an Ellipse? 

(2) " large " " " " 

(3) What curves are produced in these two limiting cases? 

* The point where an Element is cut off must first be found in a view where 
the Cutting Plane is seen " edgewise " and appears as a straight line. This line 
is called a " trace" of the plane. 




Ai'c 3-4 Devel = Ar 
Arc 3-5 Devel = ITx 



S ize 







Develo; 



CONIC SECTIOMS 



INTER3ECriON OF PLANE AND CONE. 



Sheei- 12 



SHEET 13 — rNTEBSECTIOK OF CONE BY FLAXES -COXIC SECTIONS 63 

LECTURE DATE 



64 



SHEET 13— II^TEKSECTION OF CONE BY PLANES — CONIC SECTIONS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Draw outlines of Cone in F. V., T. V. and L. V. 



II. Show on F.V. the 4 Cutting Planes which produce the 
circle, ellipse, etc. 



III. Consti-uct T.V. and True Size of each curve* by means of 
Auxiliary Planes. (See note B.) 

As many Auxiliary Planes can be used as found necessary. 
In this problem they may be taken about ^ inch apart on r.V. with 
an extra one near the ends of ellipse, etc., to give smooth curves. 

Complete all the curves. 



IV. Explain Constkuction. 

(a) In red ink draw the trace of one Auxiliary Plane. 

{h) Locate one Reference Point in each Conic Section given 
by this Auxiliary Plane and indicate by Reference 
Distance the correspondence between True Size and 
T.V. 



V. Details of procedure same as hitherto. 

* It is suggested that the Ellipse be worked out first, in order that the method 
may be compared with that of Sheet 12. 



NOTES 

A. Planes cutting the Surface of a Cone, at different angles, 
produce corresponding curves of intersection, called 
" Conic Sections," as suggested on Sheet 13. 



B. 



(a) Plane parallel to axis of Cone — 

(b) " " " slanting Element — 

(c) " crosses Gone — 

(d) " perpendicular to axis — 



Hyperbola. 

Parabola. 

Ellipse. 

Circle. 

In the case of the Hyperbola we get two curves, the second one 
inverted, if we consider the plane to cut the Cone produced above 
the apex. 

Further consideration of Conic Sections is left for Analytic 
Geometry. 



(a) As in Sheet 12, a curve of intersection cannot be found 
until lines lying in the surface of the cone have been 
located and identified in all views. 

To do this we again use Auxilia/i-y Planes, this time perpendicu- 
lar to the axis of the cone, and obtain circles as the required lines. 
Note that the circle given by Auxiliary Plane P is seen in T.V. in 
its true size, but appears in P.V. as a straight line. (See bottom 
of Page Go-Fig. 1.) 

(5) The construction for finding the points where the Cutting 
Plane cuts through these lines and joining these points 
for the required curve follows the method of Sheet 12. 

The points are first found in P. V. (see note at bottom of 
Page 60), then identified in T.V. and in true size. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) Could the method of Sheet 12 be applied to the solution of 

this sheet, and vice versa? 

(2 ) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method ? 




1 
n 
m 
ry 


= Cffcle 

— Ellipse 

* Pa ra loo 1 a 

- Hyperbola 







cone by P- 



^True Si2.e 



of ElliDse 








Paro.^ 



CONIC SECTIONS 



Aux. plane P 



Sheet 13 ' 



SHEET 14 67 



intersectio:n^ of coxe A^^:> hex^vgoxal prism— xut for bolt 

LECTURE DATE 



G8 



SHEET 14 



INTERSECTION OF CONE AND HEXAGONAL PEISM — NUT FOR BOLT 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Method of construction indicated on bine print. (As in 
Conic Section sheet we use horizontal Auxiliary Planes.) 

Roman Numerals show order of construction. 

(a) Make Complete Top View. (See Page 19. Ex. 1 

for construction of hexagon.) 

(b) Procedure as hitherto. 

(c) Explain construction for some Auxiliary Plane other 

than the one given. 



II. When completed and approved this slieet is to be traced. 

(a) Use Shade Lines* on all views, in accordance with 

principles given on Page 115 (o?i Tracing only.) 

(b) Omit all Construction Lines and Explanation of Con- 

struction on the Tracing. 

(c) Put in Dimension and Centre Lines (Red-light). 

(d) Arrows, Figures, and Lettering (Black). 

* It is more convenient to draw first all unshaded lines ; then open pen a little 
and draw all shaded lines. 



NOTES 

A. The curve developed on the Front Face is evidently a portion 

of an Hyperbola. 

The same curve appears on the slanting faces, in both front 
and side views, but in both cases more or less foreshortened, 

B. Nuts thus cut off by a Cone are said to be " chamfered." 

C. F.V. shows the nut " across corners." 
R.V. " " " " across flats." 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) Sometimes the nut is cut off at the level of the tops of the 

cui-ves. How does that change the 3 views? 

(2) Suppose, instead of being hexagonal, a nut were square (see 

Page 119-V), what would the resulting curves be? 

(3) If, instead of being chamfered, a nut were "rounded" 

(i. e. Cone is replaced by Sphere), what would the result- 
ing curves be? 

(4) How would you construct the curves of 2 and 3? 




r 

i 1 




1 






of Cone a moi Hexo.tjOio^l Pnsnrj 



NUT FOR BOLT 



AUXILIARY PLANE 




Note.: Romam mumer-als show order- of 



Sheet 1-4 



SHEET 15 -INTERSECTION AND DEVELOP^VIENT OF PEISMS 

LECTURE DATE 



72 



SHEET 15 



INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PENTAGONAL AND TRIANGUEAB PRISMS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. (a) Block out the 3 Views each of the Pentagonal and 
Triangular Prisms (both Equilateral). 

Use identifying numbers for corners of the object. 

(b) Work out Projection of Intersection. 

(c) Work out Developments as indicated. 



II. Procedure as hitherto. 



III. Explain Construction. 

(a) Indicate how you located a Reference Point in each 

Development. Measure Reference Distances from 
some chosen " datum edge" and from base of prisms. 

(b) Substitute for "?" in Developments the proper dimen- 

sions taken from the corresponding lengths in the 
original views. 



IV. Reproduce Developments on piece of Duplex Paper ; cut out 
and fold to produce original subject. 



NOTES 

A. As on Sheet 11 the purpose of Development is to obtain 
Patterns which, when cut and properly folded, wiU produce 
the original subject drawn. 



B. Method of constructing Intersection. 

(a) In turn consider each edge of one prism as intersected 
by a plane of the other. 

(6) Such an intersection is located first in a view where the 
plane is seen "edgewise" as a line. (See note at 
bottom of Page 60.) 

(c) In T.V. an edge of the Triangular Prism starts from 7 

and is intercepted at 10 by a plane of the Pentagonal 
Prism. 

(d) Now the F.V. of this edge must be the same length, 

i.e. 7—10. We can, therefore, locate point 10 in 
F.V. 

(e) Similarly for other points of intersection. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) Under what assumption is the line 11-13 in R. V. full? 

(2) " " " could it properly be dotted ? 

(3) Suppose the triangular prism were inclined (say 30° to the 

horizontal), how would you find the intersection? 




Sheet 15 



SHEET i(>-ixtersectio:n and development of cylinders 7.> 

LECTURE DATP: _ _ 



76 



SHEET 16 — INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDERS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. (a) Block out 3 views of Large Cylinder (I). 

Use identifying numbers and letters on all points as suggested. 
(b) Block out F. V. and E.V. of Small Cylinder (II). 

((•) Work out T. V. and R. V. of (II). 

In stepping off arcs use very small intervals. (See Page 35- 
FiG. 2.) 

(d) Work out Projection of Intersection. 

(e) Draw Developments. 

In Development of II cut cylinder at some other point than that 
shown on blue print. 



JI. Dimensions "?" are to be supplied by scaling the drawing. 



III. Explain Construction. 

(a) In red ink draw the ti'aces of some other Auxiliary Plane 
than the one given. 

(6) Identify (in all views and developments) the point which 
that plane gives, measuring from some chosen "datum 
element." 



NOTES 

A. Method of Construction. 

(a) A vertical Auxiliary Plane parallel to axis of the small 

cylinder (as shown by its ti'ace, 12-ni-h, R. V.) 
will cut a line (12-in-z) on the surface of the small 
cylinder in T. V. (identified by distance A). 

(b) It will also cut the line (12-z) in F. V. 

(c) Having identified the views of this line or Element of 

the cylinder, we proceed with the construction pre- 
cisely as if the element were the edge of a prism, fol- 
lowing the method of Sheet 15. 

(d) In T. V. the element is intercepted at m by surface of 

Large Cylinder; by projecting down, therefore, we 
identify point m in F. V. This gives one point in 
this curve of intersection. The others can be found 
similarly, and curve drawn. 
The Auxiliarj- Plane would also cut surface of small cyclinder 

on under side. Each plane, therefore, will give two points of 

intersection. 



B. Auxiliary Planes can be taken at will, but for convenience in 
development it is best to make arcs 1-2, 2-3, etc., on 
E.V. all equal. 

In laying out Development of II take length of circumference and 
divide into proper number of parts. 

Questions for Consideration 

(1) If two cyclinders of equal diameter (axes crossing at angle 

of 90°) intersect, what do F. V. and R. V. of intersec- 
tion become? 

(2) Given cylinder (II) as shown, but a square prism instead of 

cylinder (I). What are the 3 views of the cur\-e of 
intersection ? 




^ -i^ 




3H&&t 16 



SHEET 17-ISOMETlJIC DRAAVING 7J> 



LECTURE DATE. 



80 



SHEET 17-ISOMETKIC DRAWIIN^a 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Draw first the Orthographic Views. 

Note tliat the scale is 4 inches = 1 foot. 



II. Develop the Isometric Drmuing from the Ortliographic Views. 
Start with Point 1, and build up the figure by locating succes- 
sive points (method indicated by reference distances) and 
then join the points by the required straight or curved lines. 

When small curves cannot be conveniently drawn with the French 
Curve, a radius can often be found to approximate the required curve, 
and compasses can be used. 



III. Explain Construction. 

Show Point 1 as on blue print. Then locate at least 3 selected 
Reference Points other than those given, and indicate, by 
Reference Distances, correspondence between Orthographic 
Views and Isometric Drawing. 



IV. When completed and approved the sheet is to be traced. 
On the tracing : — 

(a) Omit all construction lines and all Explanation of Con- 
struction. 

{h) In Isometric Drawing omit also all axes. 

(c) Put in dimensions and lettering. 

(c?) Use method of inking given for previous tracings. 



NOTES 

A. Isometric Drawing* is a method of showing, in one 

View, what in Orthograp>hic Projection requires two or 
more views. It resembles a distorted Perspective Drawing. 

B. Briefly, in Orthographic Projection we have 3 axes which can 

be called Width (W), Depth (D), and Height (H), 
respectively. 

In Isometric Drawing these are all combined in one View by 
imagining an object tipped at an angle. This tipping is 
such as to make the W and D axes each form an angle of 
30° with the horizontal, while the H axis remains vertical. 

Any distance parallel to any one of the 3 axes in Orthographic 
Projection is then laid off in the Isometric Drawing in its 
true length parallel to the corresponding axis. 

By joining points thus located we develop an Isometric View. 

C. It follows from above that only those lines luhich are parallel 

to any one of the 3 axes are shown in their true length in an 
Isometric View. 

D. The subject of this sheet is the "End Post" joint of a timber 

Roof or Bridge Truss. 

Question for Consideration 

(1) What lines, if any, appear in the Isometric Drawing longer 

than their real length ? 

(2) If so, how do you explain the fact? 

* A distinction must be noted between the above described Isometric •^Draw- 
ing " and strict Isometric " Projection." In the latter the lengths of all lines 
parallel to any one of the axes would be 0.8165 times their true length. In prac- 
tice, however, this correction is rarely made, and the true lengths instead of the 
corrected ones are used as above described. 



^H^QjTR 









Scale -4"= / 



Orthoaraphic Proiection 



No+e: Timber sizes are stated thus: 2^4 (2"^^"), 6 ^ 6, 6-'<8 etc. 
In this exercise draw^ a 6xS (©"side >^ertic<al) 



Sheet 17 






Connecting Rod Er-id 
Scale 3 m.^ I in. 




''Tod for ^ 





(I ) Use Aoxiliarv 



' lanes pef-penciicular- to cxxis o-f r-od ( P|< 



(2) I,3r,lir, etc. show 

(3) On wf 



Sheet 18 



YOUR SHEET SHOW SECTION ON LEFTSIDE! OF (^ INSTEAD OF RIGHT. 




)= some con^en.er,t d.v.sor of SfoO"- nnoKe ittogi^e at/east Spo.nts in senrn- c.rcumi 
(Z) MaKe @ to correspond (3) Record valaes of @ «and ©selected. 

ffl)(l) @ = angle of thread" In this case scale off T with protractor and record above. 

(2) For standard threads ® usually equals 60° [ See page 119 ] ^ 



1 



DAT/^ 








XK= D = 



2D = 



pitch = 



-•Th»= 



-Th'= 



in byti-ial. 
(2) differences in +hiiokness 
of y\caci ai^d not are 
dienegorded. 

10NAL METHOD 




Draw hec3d 
across corn«r» 





liam = -fe',^ arid 4^) 

Heads and Nuts to b« some 



ScaJe : F^ ull Size 



NOTE (a) Exact "method shows proportions as The bolt ond r»ut are 
The shop according To a conn nnori sTaodard inpr-acTice 

(b) "Conver.T.or.al"meThod is a shortharxd way of drawing sanne boJTand nuT 

(c) For r,o. of threads p^r i r,oK. - sTar»dand for given diam- seepage 119. 

Cd) To define a standard bolt, only ^ ci^rr^&r^. CKr^ Meeded-diann, length, d.st Threaded. 



FREE HAND ON SKETCHING PAD 



SKETCHING PAD ^^'^S^ ' -^'^^^^^ ^«T Black Staged - D.rrwo L.oea -Red R.oc, I 

Stage 2- Oory»piete all drp wirigsjperx;;! Stoge'4 - _. _ 

CONVerv4-riONJAl_ METHOD FOR DR/\WIM& SQUARE. THREADS 



Block Pericil 







Siogle L.H. 
Diam=. 



Single R.H. Single L.H. Double L.H. 



Diam=Mi Pitcl-i= 

slighi+Iy Cor^ventiomsed T . 

^^r- lar-dejt-lni'eade. Dotted Lines u>-,n,&r:^<=.^,^^y 



CONVCNTIONAL METHOD FOR DRAWING V THREADS 

See page lO-'EU- r-iote . 



Diarn = 



Oc3»-iv«.r->t-|Oi-> 




Single R.H. 



DIarn 



Single LH. 



Diam = ^ P= 



DlQrn = 



Sli9>-il-|y 



Single L.H 



Dionno^ P> 



Double RH 



Diom=Hi P=: 



Leoid- 2P 



Tr-iple R.H. 



Diam-, 



CONVENTIONAL CROSS HATCH INjeS 
Fof- ott-ier- cr-os»(Tate)-»ii-»gs see page IIS. 




Cast Wroognt 51-eel Br-ciss GabtnT. Wood 

Ir-on Iron l ead, etc. 



CON/ENTIorOAL BREAKS --^-^o TURNED SECTIONS 



ncz] 



g^*^*r-sa^TSTaivj^^ar*TU»l 



For- lar-^e t-lrtr&acjis 



I Bectry-i 



Pipe 



Amgle 



Note: R. H.= Right Hanc< L.H 

In IT notice thatci,a„a2 's 
b, bijbg is ar-iothe.r-, cfuife. i 
Lead or- pitcH of 



= Left Har^di 



= 2 P for c<o«jbl<s tHr-eac* 

= 3 F3 for triple rHr-eotc<, ett:- 



Sheet 21 



r» witn o 



I U -Shows iifferent ways " "" 
ITshioWS all K-»e.coasar-y dinoei-^eioos 



one vievs/ 



3C ^»-»ovvs(a.)aevenal 

{tojsecl-ion or^ - 
(cj drilleei »-»oiee 



1-oget»-»ej 



aorf loca+for-» 



Cd) surfaces ha fc>e roacK^ioecl toy -f 



-r-oKe^-> .! 



[T 'led 



|25£«|ffS^i 





hon 


+0 s^nev 
, t>e.a»-i>-i 


3 


( ^ 


\ ,\;\^ 





I 




in 



«•< PULLE' 



PEDESTAL ©eARING. 



»^ P. lur- m 2^3.W Fi 1 1 et 




"^'•^ ^iL'a 



1&«*r p. 115 
.IT. - 









STEP 



Steel- fin- oil ov«r 



'SHAFT 



W r-f I r-oo 



.uaHlNG H ©OSS 




M«-t*l 




,HAMf^e»^ 



'■' Half Section 
oo AB. 



.«=>PINDi_ei — Wr-'t lrx>r-. 



Pirnsoed 



ISeole: Full Size 



3TEP BE A 



Ti'rie i-tcr^. 



kse car-awn Pr-ee Ha^jd oo Sketc»->iog F^tid. 

^.2) B_y -4 sTagciS as on ©Jneet 2/ 



FREE HAND ONI SKEL-TCHINIO F=A D 



.5 Jioles 
-for ^" too Its 



BoL.TCt»«:i. 



X6 >-70/e3^-. -J 



Q// 






i I M 



Special location of 
bolt Moies S.howo- ti lus: 



5lno(es^\ 



f-fti 



6" dt€>m 



-2d >i 



no<ci5 
on MM, 



.o;^— 



_ Zi:---"*- 





'PisTON Rod 



E r-OiSa - T i r-i gU o 



fc-i- 5tc»<:/ SoJts - 



(\£\Or^3 



FL.>\r><«E 




3 c^i arrt - pored *r; 
3^ otiarr\ I 



FLANGED PIPE: Y 

Scale; \^Ok\-f ^\:iie. 



Note 



CYLINDER HEAD^^° STUFFING BOX 



3cQJe:Fu)l Size 

Ti1-l« >-»«ne 



(0 Me-flnoeJ of de-fiViimg Bolt Holes ( I.-f H) 

C2)Lib«r^ty +QKe»o wil-H Pi^ojoc-tioo o-f Bol+ Holes C ^"^JI) 

(3)/Vlethoc/ esf H/\ L F 3 E.CTION W ith Rod amd Bolt* in place CJCO. 



Qlneet 23 



SHEET 24 -PREPARATION' OF A WORKING DR^V^^^NG 9.5 

SUBJECT — ENGINE CRANK 

LECTURE DATE _._ 



96 



SHEET 24-PREPAEATIOlS^ OF A WORKING DRAWING 

SUBJECT — ENGINE CRANK 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Freehand Sketch (Sheet 24-a). 

(a) Crank is to be drawn carefully freehand on Sketching 

Pad. 

(b) Draw directly from the object, obtaining proportions 

BY EYE ALONE. 

(c) Follow stages. 

1. Block out. (See notes A and B.) 

2. Complete drawing. (Then correct your drawing by 

comparing with large blue print in drawing room.) 

3. Draw dimension lines {Med pencil). Follow III on 

Page 97. 

4. With black pencil put in 

Dimension figures. (Measuring Crank with rule 

and calipers.) 
Bill of Material. (See II on Page 97.) 



II. Pencil Drawing (Sheet 24-5). 

(a) To be done with instrument on Duplex paper (12 X 18) . 

(6) Correct carefully but do not put check marks on this 
sheet. Sheets will be exchanged and checked later 
when notice is given. 



III. Tracing (Sheet 24-f). 



NOTES 

A. Choose your own set of views without consulting those given 

on Page 97. After choosing and blocking out views, 
submit to an instructor for discussion of merits of the 
choice. 

B. Choice and arrangement of views. 

1. Select for Front View one which gives clearest idea of 

object. 

2. If possible place F. V. to show object in its natural 

position. 

3. Draw as many other views as are necessary to show the 

object clearly. 

4. Select views which show important lines full rather than 

dotted. 

Note. — Hidden lines (dotted) should be drawn only when they 
add to the general clearness of the drawing. 

5. Arrange all views in accordance with the principles 

of Projection given on earlier sheets (i.e. T.V. above; 
B.V. below; R. V. at right; etc.). This is the usual 
practice in the United States. 

6. To avoid confusion, hold object stationary and imagine 

your own standpoint changed for each view, instead of 
turning the object itself. 

C. The Bill of Material (Page 97-11) is a list of all the parts 

with certain infoi-mation about each one. The witness 
marks (first column), though not always shown, help to 
identify parts, especially when there are several nearly 
alike, or when a part has no commonly used name. 



possi bl 



— tciKen merely 



for illustrcarion It would pGr-i-,o.pa kse better to hove 

axis of shaft honzorvral in f=:V. - its naturol position on 
Qr> engine 



BT shows 



.n+s — a 1 1 GO r rect - 2 ir 4- 



per-haps kaest- axis of shott in natur-al posifion 



but less 



satisfactory - foomany important lines hidden. 





BILL OF- 


MATERIAL 


NO 
MARK WANTED 


NAME 


mat'l remarks 


A 1 


Face 


C. 1 


B 


1 


PlO 


steel Fimsin all over- 


C 


1 QH-ioft W.I. 1 


'^I'oish all over 


° 


1 1 


' P<jlley 


Steel I'x 1'; 


oi" 



( 


/ 


I ' r 


11 i-- 

f;W3-F lli 1 



P o 



o o 



■ 




it ■ Riveted 





)n ^h^i 



Sheet 24. 



STAGE I I 



BLOCKING OUT 



aTAGE: 2 








aTAGE : 



DIMENSION LINES 




rk 


1 


1 

r \ 





WM 



Siv^iZs^^^^B^^^^^^I ^^H 



stage: -4. • 



FINISHl 



^0 PILLOW BLOCK 



One waotcJ-ci 



— I 



I/lt/str-ation of 



in F^ENC/LLINGr 



(-^ stages in /NK1N& s«e f>ag^ ZB) 




4^"oil Hole 







i A 






tAm 


— 




(VI 1 1 fO 

r Y 1 ! I 

-1^"- - 




^/i"* 



loi^ — 



Seal© • ^in- I f^t. 



4 



BILL«- MATEIRIAL 



COUM-TECl 



I- rr-eG-i^anci Sketchee of De-tails. 



Lciyoot. 



TfrM& ij 



rrt atnci 



on -tine 



Represen-r, ro acale^ ecxcirt view as o. 
rectangle ortd cAitckvm loca+ion dimeo's. 



Oo duplex paper-- le'^x 2-4- i^bor-der- irjsidej 



iw«kL!1°. name. 



REMARKS 



f='r-ary^& U 



Cor-»e Pulley CI wrrhfot^ SotScnew 



~rig>->t Pdley CI. With #x^ 5et3cnBw 



Loose Pulley c.J. witt-i Oil Hole 



S>^ifting Yoke C.I. 



S»->aft Steel Finiahed Br-.ght 



SHifter-Rod W. I. 



Spr^ing Bnass "laWir-e e°»S 



IBellCraok Lev 



LinK W.I. byRivet-Wli'Afi' 



IGc^ide PiQte I W. I. 



Guide Plate Sciews W.I (each as ditsfa i »«s<i. 



Yoke Bolt WI. 



see pcxg^ 113-2 



BOLT -^MD SCREIW LIST* 



MO. 
WANTEI 



DESCRIPTION 



MATL 



FOR 



! A>IJ J,f J'JJB 



i"xfi" R.vet 



f"^!-^ CapScr 



"x I it ©oft 



il Cone Pulley 



teel Tight Pulle 



W.I. Liok 



W.I (Suido Plate 



I W: I Goide Plote 



W.I. Yoke. 



ARR/\isi&ELM£rvjT Of- STANDARD 



-€>''x3' 



giXSlCiaiyilSl^^ST^l 




'UN I FRJZSHAFT 



CZ3tI&T:Hd3f^Si 



iBTr^rrye 



-f- .f - 



E^M 


SBbmbbII 



Hem' 



*^- ! 



IB ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^pri 






1 


1 







m 




^I^^^^^^^^^^Ha ^^^^^^^J 














!^ 


I ' 


1 




: r^ 


"^ 


-. - p^§\ 


T SPINOI 






S d^ f 1 / ^ 


s 


^i 



^^^ 




, X o 


■M 


[ " .T ' 


l^n^H^VM 




1 


^^V 


1 


^ 


:Tjr 






",<^ o 



IW 



'His -^P„^l 





m 



•htofi 





^*P.?|>■' 


a 


J^-^ vU 


j 


^^ ?5 


i 


^-^ (5> 


[ 


■'f P.f' :?5 



^ 





h-pj-H iu 



PI 

I 






! I k^^ 







5^ i 



BII_U OP MATERIAL 



NAfVie ^AAr^l RE.^v1AOKa 



/ASSEMBLY OF 



H /\ N GEIR 



Seal. 



2T 



! 



"Soldo 

t Y 



iM 


1 






f ,^ 






J 


<r» 







! i t i 


i-c 4." ^ 


"3 j 


! /^ N *-« 


H" • 


Ar^ ^ < 


1 


' i i( } I 




*i-ifcr7j. 



SLIUEL \/AL_VEL. 



OROS: 



a 



x^_rf 



^ cnp-^q 



I 

A B C D 



Xic&_ I 



•1^ L d^ia 



s r^u vvv X ^ 



2 ' « «A^ 



: G H I J K L M 



W & C'l"^^"-C 



!!■ .P 



■iU IV 




B^^^F-n 




IB^ 






:&iSiS:^z^Ti±£:N^Vv^>L^£l_:Z 




!■■ 



Geometrical Constructions 



Tod I viae a line Ao 




Yl /o <divide Q spoce 
into (soy (I parfs>) for 

pcxraJiel Jioes. 



To bisect an angle 



JO erect ex pcrp^r^- 




(ca) S&paces (any size) on 





(I) or-cMN-an_y >^ae<iL>& 



A5(anyJine). Join 5B. Co.) Point off llcnitsany {2.) arcs, a-t B- 




(b) Lines parol/el to 5B 
give reqored dit^i&ic 



) ) To rfr-aw a tangetnf to 



size. Use scale as shown. M and M 

•■(bj Draw parallel lines. p) OB=bis< 



I'J S= any 



[2J Circle fHro P. S = 
p) CO t>^ro S 
4J PD» reqc»ire<:( pc» 



wan ar-c tan- 
gent to 2 given cit^des, 

Gi*'Gr-i fR, , Rz and Rf«, 



j\ To pass an arc thro 
5 points^ A,B,andC. 



To inscri 



any no of 



dicte&- 



Htor« 7;^\^ 



(I) Senni- 



on F'C- 




of Tan^mncy 



(0 Arcs froi^r-A-^B meet at O CO Li 

E 0= center- of /-eqcired (2) J-* 

nt tangent or-c. (3j 0- 




id 8C 



for' 5»idas - lbidt!S. mrc I 
(i) Divide A B into Sparti into 7. htcJ 



l/^rc3 >\C-<aC (>»•»• 0* center^,' 
(3j CO a/waya tt^rd . ^econd pornt. 
W AD- reijuirea aide 



SHADl NJe 



To 31 ve tl-»e eff 



adopted. 

The llg>-»1" is aesumecJ to ^orr\a io tHe 

> o o-f a r-r-o ws - F"i 9 I . 
All Bour^dimg l.ir-ie& wvl-»ict-i light c(oe.s 
oof sti-iKo c<iV«ctl> ttr-e a^ioocia. 



"e st^addij limes 



repres«=?r~.t.V.ti t ^^ e i ■ 



1-1 ot two 



□ii liH 



Mote : All yr c ws ot ^^ 
object cace-shod 
10 some ry\arir^ 
ae above 




' ATH 



(I llo»tr-cit lori 



■rai'iiti'^^— -^««»i%ja 



With SAME RADIUS «nu < 

e (/^ B -- ii t»t '/s£ . dr-ciwv seoo-'.d or-c frorn 
>• S"-i->ilcirly ■foK- ,sr>ia II cit^cle 



. « differs - "these 



>»'nT a -fair- stancia i-d . 




Wroognt Iron 



Mal/eable Iron 






Or-oss 




^ TYPES O F LINE'S 

Full Cvisitol. 



~" Do+TeU uovisible 



\&[ 



L >J 



Di'-oeofti 



extervai 





Cast Steel WroughtSle^l Nickic Steel Copper 





VlQhe TVvo ' 



£ Ofr or Two Off' 



2 Won-te^or "Two Woirj-f 



ipoaitioi-v ! (r 



Gloss 



stone 




B»-icK 



WITNESS MARKS 



"^"c/' illeo 



(d) l^'Va 



FINISH MARK6 



ohinp --^S' 



)o rate lo 1 e o ss 1 n c ^-> 






^QM£ CONVENTIONS 



^SBSKmm 



IN GENEPAL 



that vie-. V ich> 6ho»vs detoile rno*T clea« 



.2) Avoid ret>eatinci 



Di r'lension 



n a-second v/ew 



lines and f-m/sHeci surfacei 



ONVENTION5 ^'-'^ ILLUSTRATIONS- ^°~'- 



Olonting Oirnerieii 



ni-ne noioos 



O' dr-owioq if co-ofi 



rescilt from olacii^ci thei 



\3) Dif-ncn&ico distances or-, , i» those views 
rk r-. .-,<-. .-I ri ^^^ell' trwp !«■ • -►'- 



^•ojI; 



QYMBOi 3 



■' 1 9"- 9 inches 13 


13. 


nches etc. 


] 


L2 


,.| -■' ~ • ^' 0"= ^ieef 


5'-fe 


^'- 5feet-6inch€ 


0) 1 L^n.. --ictnos, QtDc 


■ ve .-- 


ft use feet cj ■ i 


inches. 1 


i.4- 


)| 3"c(la^rl c ' : d = Simches 


b c(iar,oeter- | 




(5)1 3" rod. < 


31- i ■ = 3l»-^c^-le: 


s i-adii-s 1 



CONVENTIONS --=> ILLUSTRATIONS 



lO; -^void o-iing LINES ""DRAWINQ or CENTRE LINES 



Lines. 



not tfiuj 



^11) Diameters l-i^os: 



not ttnus 



Arrow Points tHus 



not thiwa; 



Extension 



not rnus 




(12.) I Radii 1-Hi/s: Conly one or-r-ow) 



not thus' 



io>->s wHer% po&sible along oo« l»ne. 



<alwa.\/s oppo^i+e 



not thcs' 



not 1->-)U3' 




le (Vei-tical 



fo i^eaat fi^omrt HfGHT.) 



(K) G.ve 




(15) Decir^ol 



■^.QS r-tot -4.06 



CONCERNING DIMENSIONS 



1 

i 



ARD FOR V THREADS y 3 STANDARD 60LTS AND NUTS 



HEXAGONAL 



©QUA RE 









^ 


344] 


"i*! 


^0 c 


' ^ ' 



)NVFNT\ONA\ 



THOD 



orrcN USED in 

DRAWING gnAL > 
HEXAGONAL BOL-^3 



.'^■SA 




••507| '5^2 




-5-4 





STANDARD PIPC THREADS 



r^^f/f/rjfmj. 



1 '4 7 




'. ObS 


.^^ 


'•'^e 


£> 




1 . 1 foO 


( ^^/l 


1 ;4 6 


/. 264 


i%« 


.-^" 


5?^ 


1 3e<i 

1 


l%z 



Naminal Out»ide 
,'Sizrof Diam. 



'/e \o.Aos\ .ofee 



'/4 o.5>»o . oee 



% \o.(>7S-\ . 09 1 



i.btf. 



4^\ I.7IZ 



AM I9(>z.\ i^i/azW t \I.3IS\ .13a\ 1/5 



;.fefeo . 14.0 //;_ 
/.900 ./4^ / / ;4| 



: 12.37^ .ISA \uh\m\ 



i CONVENTIONAL THREADS I 







^^K^4^jr^B 




Ro^^g H 


Fi 1 S K>ed 




Ro<-'g>i 


Fi 1-1 is^ed 


F- ifeD+Va" 


FrrfeD+yit. 




F= l&D*Jb' 


F»i;tD»iii 


C- Fx 115 


C = F« I.IS 




C- F't 1.41 


C-Fxl/41 


Tki-feF 


T>i- ;fe F- 




Th . '/« F 


T»i-y2F^ 


Tk,,- D 


TH.'D-'/'h 


( nr TK. . D 


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